Marble Female Figure Free Essays

Marble Female Figure Cycladic Final Neolithic, ca. 4500-4000 BC Bequest of Walter C. Baker, 1971 (1972. We will write a custom essay sample on Marble Female Figure or any similar topic only for you Order Now 118. 104) â€Å"The figure represents a rare type known as steatopygous characterized by particularly full legs and buttocks, and is undoubtedly indicative of fertility. â€Å" RACHELLE DARDEN Rachelle Darden Art History 11 Short writing Assignment 2 The marble female figure is a sculpture selected from the Ancient Greek and Roman Galleries at the Metropolitan Museum in Manhattan. It’s also known as the final Neolithical Cycladic marble. The figure, now missing its head is an example of an uncommon type known as steatopygous. This sculpture is a representation of the Human Body in which its described by its distinctive features. It has a thin torso or abdomen suggesting a slim like body however it can be defined by its abstract but round shape. This particular piece is non-realistic in which the form of the breasts are in the shapes of what look like rain drops however they don’t look like actual female breasts but because of their placement it’s obvious that’s what they’re supposed to be. The entire has a plump like nature to in which it suggests that it’s a larger female, not your average female from this era. The thighs on the sculpture are also suggestive because not only are they round but they have a bit of an outline suggesting that they are extra-large which coincides with the rest of the sculpture. The sculptor gave this piece some very distinct features. In fact the most significant piece to this particular sculpture would be the buttocks. The buttocks literally are the largest feature on the sculpture and protrude the rest of the body. The thin yet round abdominal like structure gives the idea of a hin female but definitely a thick one. In contrast, the figure’s upper torso is flat in profile with the arms typically framing V-shaped, pendant breasts. The pudgy, evidently idealized thighs narrow to tiny, stump like feet. However on the feet there are no toes and they don’t stretch out like they would on a regular human body. The body prop ortions are accurate in which you can tell that this sculpture is a very developed female with a very mature body. Looking at the sculpture there’s also a lot of age because its proportioned so well and has a lot of femininity. How to cite Marble Female Figure, Papers

Health Systems between the USA - UK & Australia-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Health Systems between the Usa, Uk and Australia. Answer: Introduction: With the advancement of technology the overall life expectancy of common people significantly increased. Thus the degree of progression of a country can be gauged by the advancement of their health care system. In this assignment, a comparative assessment of healthcare system is done among Australia, the United States of America and Britain. The key objective of this assignment is to scrutinize the cost, accessibility, choice and quality of the healthcare system in the contextual countries. The goal of this assignment is to gauge the efficiency of each country in managing their health care system. The advantages and disadvantages lie within the health care system of Australia, the United States of America and Britain is also assessed. The scopes of improvement are also identified here with putting stress in the Australian system. At the beginning of the assignment, a separate analysis is done in between the given countries. Finally, at the concluding portion, a comparative analysis i s shown with the help of charts, graphs and tables. The assignment is ended by proffering advantages of each country with the other while putting stress on the Australian system. Discussion: Australia Cost: The health expenditure in Australia is calculated as 140.2 billion Dollars which is 9.5 per cent of gross domestic product or GDP of the entire country. Furthermore, 70 per cent of the total costs of the healthcare system is funded by the government with the help of taxpayers money (Mukherjee, 2008). Access: Though the health care system in Australia is good but it's expensive and due to this reason, out of pocket costs stop people receiving care (Davis et al. 2014). Actually, what happens in Australia's health care system is called co-payment process where the patients also pay which is almost 20 per cent of the total cost. However, sometimes, the patients share increases to such a level which is not affordable by the patient (Mukherjee, 2008). Choice: A patient in Australian set up cannot choose their own particular specialist physician. Furthermore, they also might not have a decision about when they are admitted to a health care facility for elective medical procedures. Medicare benefits also depend on a timetable of expenses known as the Medicare Benefits Schedule, or MBS. This is particularly set by the Australian Government after a conversation with the therapeutic experts. Experts are not required to cling to the timetable of treatment (with the exception of optometry) and can charge more than the booked expense (Lancet,2014). Quality: The overall quality of Australian health care system is satisfactory with few scopes of improvement in by strengthening doctor patient ratio (Mukherjee, 2008). Britain Cost: The total health care funding by UK government since 1997 to 2013 has been increased significantly. The total healthcare expenses in private and public health care system in the year 2013 was 150.6 Billion compared to 54. 9 Billion in the year 1997. The total growth recorded for the health care expenditure from 1997 to 2009 was 8.1 per cent whereas the growth has been reduced to 2per cent from 2009 to 2013. The primary funding for health care has been taking place in national insurance contributions apart from general taxation and user charges. The primary advantage of the private sector in health care is the choice of consultants which NHS has adopted recently as patient's basic rights. The main disadvantage of health care is the cost of the treatment which is quite low in NHS in the UK (Anhang Price et al. 2014).Access: national health care system in the UK has been the most accessible health care system in terms of cost. The funding has been increased significantly in the NH S which provides more choices for the low cost and high quality treatment. Whereas the in the accessibility in the private sector dependent on the affordability and wealth. The choice of specialist was always available in private sector which NHS has been implementing as the basic right of the patients. The cost involved in both the cases poses a huge difference where high cost treatment offered by public sector compared to NHS scheme (Mukherjee, 2008). Choice: the people covered under NHS have been provided with some effective rights for choices such as general surgery and NHS care. Even the patients under NHS can choose the organization covered under NHS according to their convenience but the choice in private section depends upon the cost affordability and wealth. Quality: the quality concerns of NHS have been resolved by the periodic increase in budget allocation from 1997 to 2013. The primary concern of the NHS constitution is to provide maximized value with less cost (Fleming, 2008). USA Cost: the national expenditure of United States on Health care has been increased to $3.2 trillion which is a significant increase by 5.8 per cent. The affordable care act has a significant impact on the health care system in the USA which increases the public health care funding. Therefore total growth including private and public sector has significantly increased in late 2015. The government coverage for health care services in the United States is 27.8 per cent whereas the primary funding took place from 84per cent insurance coverage for health care system in the United States. The advantage of private health care system in the USA is fast treatment and free choice of doctors whereas in the case of government funded organizations the queue is long and the choice is less (Runciman, 2012). Access: the accessibility in the private health care system is high compared to government funded hospitals in the USA. 84per cent of the insurance coverage of the United state population could access the facility whereas the rest of the population has a less accessibility in the private sector hospitals in the USA (Lancet,2014). Choice: the choice is high in case of private hospitals and various range of treatments could be availed by the insurance holders in the USA. Patients in private sector hospital could choose any treatment method according to the insurance coverage (Howick et al. 2014). Quality: the quality of the total health care system in the United States is quite high and 84per cent of the insurance covered people could avail the high quality treatment depending upon the affordability and insurance coverage of the nature of the treatment (Alhassan et al. 2015). Results: Figure 1: Australian Health system (Source:Corallo et al. 2014 Figure 2: Life Expectancy among the inhabitant (Source: Corallo et al. 2014) Figure 3: Distribution of doctor per 1000 person Source: Corallo et al. 2014 Figure 4: Distribution of hospital bed per 1000 person (Source:Corallo et al. 2014) Health care Issues Australia USA Britain Basic concept The health care system in Australia is the mixed type where the governmental control is accompanied with the privatization. Each and every Australian Citizen is entitled to the access of the Universal Medical Cover which is also called Medicare. Being an industrialized country, the access to health care system is not ensured by the contextual government. However, the government has provided employee retirement income security act which guarantees full employer preference over health insurance. Hence, it is seen that the health care system in the United States majorly owns by the private sector. The Government of the contextual country establishes a statutory body named National Health Service or NHS to ensure the health of their citizen. Cost (total health care expenditure per capita) 4,115 dollar 9,086 dollar 3,364 dollar Accessibility (per 1000 population) Doctor: 3.4 Hospital bed: 3.4 Nurse:11.3 Acute care: 3.4 Doctor:2.6 Hospital bed: 2.5 Nurse: 7.9 Acute care: 2.5 Doctor: 2.8 Hospital bed:2.8 Nurse: 8.2 Acute care:2.7 Choices As the Australian health care system is a mixed system where privatization and governmental control coexist, the choice of health care is moderate. In the case of the United States, the choice is relatively high as people have sole responsibility for the hospital bill payment. As the healthcare system is fully controlled by statutory organization National Health Service or NHS, the choice is less. Quality Moderate quality moderate affordability High quality low affordability Comparatively Low quality but high affordability. Ranking as per World Health Organization (WHO) 32 37 18 Table 1: Comparisons summarized in charts, tables, pro/con lists etc. (Source:Corallo et al. 2014) Conclusion: All of these three countries have a lack of doctors as per 1000 patients. It is also accompanied by the problem of lack of hospital beds per 1000 patients. Hence, the welfare of the patients should be the first priority to the authority instead of anything else. On this note, each of the above discussed countries needs to pay more attention to improve their doctor patients ration along with the number of bed allocations. Advantages of Australia's system compared to Britain: More choices are available as it is a mixed system. Advantages of Australia's system compared to the USA: It has greater affordability as it is partially controlled by the governmental body. Ways of improvement of Australia's system of implementing elements of the British or US system: Australias health care system will be better if they concentrate on the patients problem, more than their money making thought. Co-payment is something that the poor cannot enjoy even when they want that facility. Ways of improvement of the British, US systems: the British healthcare system needs to pay more attention to the quality, whereas the US system needs to provide health care at more affordable rates. References: Alhassan, R. K., Duku, S. O., Janssens, W., Nketiah-Amponsah, E., Spieker, N., van Ostenberg, P., ... de Wit, T. F. R. (2015). Comparison of perceived and technical healthcare quality in primary health facilities: implications for a sustainable national health insurance scheme in Ghana.PloS one,10(10), e0140109. Corallo, A. N., Croxford, R., Goodman, D. C., Bryan, E. L., Srivastava, D., Stukel, T. A. (2014).A systematic review of medical practice variation in OECD countries. Health Policy, 114(1), 5-14. Davis, K., Stremikis, K., Squires, D., Schoen, C. (2014). Mirror, mirror on the wall. How the performance of the US Health care system compares internationally. New York: CommonWealth Fund. Eijkenaar, F., Emmert, M., Scheppach, M., Schffski, O. (2013). Effects of pay for performance in health care: a systematic review of systematic reviews. Health policy, 110(2), 115-130. The cost of health care in Australia. (2014). Lancet (London, England), 383(9919), 756. Mental Health Council of Australia. (2006). Smart services : Innovative models of mental health care in Australia and overseas. Deakin West, A.C.T.]: Mental Health Council of Australia. Runciman, W., Coiera, E., Day, R., Hannaford, N., Hibbert, P., Hunt, T., . . . Braithwaite, J. (2012). Towards the delivery of appropriate health care in Australia. The Medical Journal of Australia, 197(2), 78-81. Fleming, Jennifer, Foster, Michelle, Taylor, Sandra. (2008). Health care practice in Australia : Policy, context and innovations. South Melbourne, Vic. ; New York: Oxford University Press. Health care in the USA: Turning the corner. (2014). Lancet (London, England), 383(9912), 99. Mukherjee, K., Segal, Richard. (2008). Economic Tradeoff between Purchase of Medical Care and Other Commodities in the USA, ProQuest Dissertations and These

World Export Development Forum 2010

The 11th World Export Development Forum which began on 9th to12th September was held in Chongqing, China. The major theme of the event was ‘Adapting to Post-Crisis World Trade Patterns and Lessons for Export Development’, (Istanbul, 2010).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on World Export Development Forum 2010 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Some of the issues highlighted in the forum were renewed hopes and devotion to export-led growth model and the need to renew objectives and strategies in post-crisis period. The event was also dedicated for discussing issues such as competitiveness and development of export in the global world. They also analyzed and identified some of the challenges that are encountered by developing countries due to the economic shift. The occasion was attended by over 300 delegates drawn from 48 developing and developed countries. They consisted of international and senior nati onal policy makers, representatives of business leaders and international agencies and heads of trade support institutions. The conference was co-hosted by China Council for Promotion of International Trade (CCPIT), Ministry of Commerce of People’s Republic of China (MOFCOM) and the Chongqing City. The delegates were offered an exclusive opportunity to learn more about China’s foreign trade policy and its domestic economy (Simon, 2010). Huang Qi Fan, the Mayor of Chongqing’s municipal government, welcomed the delegates and set the tone of the event by expressing his confidence in maintenance of momentum growth of Chongqing. Yi Xiaozhun who is the Vice-Minister of MOFCOM was the first person to express his thoughts on China’s Foreign Trade. His views were that international trade was the major force in the recovery of world economy which is facing economic and financial shortages. He asserted that China’s success in economic growth was driven by tra de. China had fully devoted herself to open trade policy without any form of trade surpluses. This accelerated restructuring of China’s economy which increased domestic demands (Simon, 2010). It also opened doors for other countries to trade with China and increased chances of export which created an opportunity for economic recovery of the world. The Director-General of the World Trade Organization (WTO), Pascal Lamy, was in agreement with Yi’s thoughts but noted that strong discipline was a requirement to form fair, transparent and predictable trade to meet entrepreneur’s needs.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Wang Jinzhen, the Vice-Chairman of CCPIT, hoped that the conference will deeply analyze the trading landscape at a global level and find appropriate measures to promote trade. He took the mandate to vouch for medium and small sized enterprises t o help in increasing the total number of brands exported by China. However, Secretary-General of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) Mr. Supachai Panitchpakdi added that the issue was beyond just exportation (Istanbul, 2010). He was of the view that boosting skills of various indigenous companies and relating employment to export growth was the best way to acclimatize to the new economic command of the world. He added that a rise in South-South trade will help pull other countries to grow economically. Problems facing 49 under developed countries were also addressed in the forum. Mr Lamy stressed that the constraints in supply have become a stamping block to many countries from getting into the market. This means that accessing the market is not a guarantee that you have already joined the market. Mr Muthuraman added that low rates of saving, high economic and consumption discrepancy and low competition led to slow revitalization in the developed countrie s (McIntyre, 2011). Developing countries however had low labour cost advantage which increased their level of productivity which became their major point of consumption. Growing pressure in currency readjustment due to faster growth rate of Gross Domestic Products was a factor to consider in developing countries. Nevertheless, it was hard to predict the outcome of development in these countries in terms of intensity and speed. Patricia Francis, Executive Director of ITC, laid out various policies on how to respond to the crisis during the forum. She warned against focusing on short-term fixes rather than long term growth that could last. She added that the world needs to review impacts of different behaviours to combat the food crisis, financial challenges and rapid climate change. She noted that focusing on short-term fixes could lead to loss of confidence and trust because of its high risks (Simon, 2010). This is because the world would only benefit from short term gains. She offe red her advice to the world to set equitable goals and set a common responsibility that will see to it that long term gains are achieved. According to Francis, support from strong financial enterprises and trade institutions was required to develop a mutually beneficial partnership between different countries. This was the only way to succumb to the global crisis.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on World Export Development Forum 2010 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More When addressing the state of the world trade, Professor Ghemawat noted the importance of addressing three major issues when it comes to trade, globalization extent, understanding the importance of trade and the extent of constraining trade barriers. He then identified five aspects that assisted trade to be: common currency, common language, land border, stable relationship between the previous colonizer and colony and participating in local trade block (McIntyre, 2011). He further addressed the need to consider cultural, geographical and economic factors which are the major barriers to trade. The panellists expected emerging markets and great development in South-South trade despite these challenges. This success was attributable to open trade, economic integration and investment policies that were favourable. Finding an alternative model to finance the supply chain to help secure more contracts to benefit stakeholders was the major concern of Andrà © Soumah, the Chairman of Audit Control and Expertise Global. He explained that some of the reasons why international trade lacked funds was due to lack of trust which made most banks not to lend stakeholders money. Mr. Soumah insisted that the objectives and strategies of TSIs should be reviewed to help meet the demands of new economic world that is multi-polar in nature. He noted that new mechanisms and structures should be formed to shape multilateral governments, trade institutio ns and organizations. TSIs should also develop policies that dress standards and measures that are non-tariff to prevent them from being barriers. Reference Istanbul, T.(2010).World Export Development Forum: Renewed Optimism for Export-led Growth in the Post-crisis Era. China: International Trade Centre Publishers. McIntyre, K. (2011). 2010 World Export Development Forum. New York: Trade Forum Editorial. Simon, T. (2010). UN World Export Development Forum. New York: International Trade Center Publishers.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This report on World Export Development Forum 2010 was written and submitted by user Kristopher Barr to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Inuit People Essays - Indigenous Peoples Of North America

The Inuit People Essays - Indigenous Peoples Of North America The Inuit People Inuit: A People Preserved By Ice Thousands of years ago, during the last ice age, mile-thick glaciers covered a vast portion of North America, and the Asian continent was joined to North America by a land bridge. The Arctic areas of Alaska, Beringia, and Siberia were free of ice. Vast herds of caribou, muskoxen, and bison migrated to these plains. Following them were the nomadic Asian ancestors of today's Inuit and Indians. The doorway to Asia closed about three or four thousand years later as the glaciers receded and melted. These people: the Inuit (meaning the people), adapted to their harsh tundra environment and developed a culture that remained untainted for a long time. The Inuit people relied solely on hunting for their existence. With summers barely lasting two months, agriculture was non-existent. Animals such as caribou and seal were vital. Groups of hunters would stalk and kill many caribou with fragile bows made of driftwood, and their bounty was split evenly amongst the tribe. Bone spears were fashioned to hunt seals which provided food, oil, clothes, and tents. The seal skins were also used to construct kayaks and other boats that the Inuit would use to travel and to hunt whales. One advantage of the sterile cold of the arctic was that it kept these people free of disease (until they met the white man.) Inuit tribes consisted of two to ten loosely joined families. There was no one central leader in the group: all decisions were made by the community as a whole. Nor was there any definite set of laws; the Inuit, though usually cheery and optimistic, were prone to uncontrolled bursts of rage. Murder was common amongst them and it went unpunished unless an individual's murders occured too often. At that point, that person was deemed unstable, and the community appointed a man to terminate him/her. In their society, the duties of men and women were strictly separated. The males would hunt, fish and construct the tools used by the family. Women, however, were responsible for cleaning the animal skins, cooking, sewing the clothes ( a woman's sewing ability was equally as attractive to a man as her beauty was), and raising the children. Male children were preferred because they could care for their parents in their old age; female children when often strangled soon after birth. Although today Christianity has breached some of the southernmost tribes, the vast majority practice a form of animism. Their rituals are based mainly on the hunt and the handling of slain animals. Magic talismans and charms are believed to control spirits, and shamans are consulted in the case of injury or illness. There are traces of beliefs in an afterlife or reincarnation, but they are very minor. The Inuit people, like many other tribal minorities, are greatly stereotyped and misunderstood by the common man. For example: the Inuit word igloo means house and can refer to the cabins made of sod that most Inuit occupy. Also, the word Eskimo is a misnomer meaning "eaters of raw flesh" given to the Inuit by the Algonquin Indians. This is a simple culture that remained undisturbed until whales became a precious commodity. Their isolation is slowly coming to an end as western civilization puts them into government housing and snowmobiles are increasing as a means of transportation. They are beautifully eccentric, and we must work to preserve their culture. References: "Seasons of the Eskimo: A Vanishing Way of Life" by Fred Bruemmer; Microsoft Encarta96 Encyclopedia; Microsoft Bookshelf.

Assignment On The Fundamental Rights

Assignment On The Fundamental Rights All democratic constitutions provide for the guarantee of certain rights, which are inviolable and beyond the reach of the state. Rights arise from very social nature of man and which are the external conditions necessary for the greatest possible development of the capacities of the personality. Fundamental Rights are sacro sanct and the supporting pillars of democracy as a form of government and as a way of life. . Democracy and inviolable fundamental rights go together. In this assignment I would like to elaborate the Fundamental Rights under the Constitution of India. Constitutionalism is an achievement of the modern world. The following are the salient features of Indian Constitution. The longest written constitution in the world The idea of popular sovereignty Supremacy of the constitution Provision for Fundamental Rights Provision for Directive Principles of State Policy Provides Parliamentary system of Government Provision for secularism Encouraging Socialistic pattern of so ciety Sovereign Democratic Republic Provision for Emergency Provides single citizenship Provision for single integrated judiciary Federalism The constitution of India has a wonderful preamble. The preamble is an introduction to a Constitution. It proclaims the source, objectives and date of adoption of the constitution. The preamble of the Indian constitution reads as follows: WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC and to secure to all its citizens: †Ã¢â‚¬â„¢JUSTICE†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢, social, economic and political; †Ã¢â‚¬â„¢LIBERTY†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship; †Ã¢â‚¬â„¢EQUALITY†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ of status and of opportunity; And to promote among them all †Ã¢â‚¬â„¢FRATERNITY†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the Nation; IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this twenty-sixth day of November, 1949, do HER EBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION. Demand for Fundamental Rights in India During the 19th century a demand for civil rights in India took deep root. The Indians were subjects and not citizens under British rule. Before 1947 India did not have national liberty, and the individual, therefore, could never imagine to have individual freedom with the complete set of guaranteed fundamental rights. As early in 1895, under the inspiration of Bal Gangadar Thilak, a swaraj bill was prepared and this thought in terms of a constitution guaranteeing fundamental rights. In 1928, the Nehru Report spoke of the need to have fundamental rights in the future constitution of India. In 1933, the Karachi session of the Indian National Congress adopted a resolution in favor of fundamental rights. But the British government did not accept the demand of the Indians to incorporate a list of fundamental rights in the constitutions introduced in India. Fundamental Rights: A Preface The F undamental Rights, embodied in Part III of the Constitution, guarantee civil rights to all Indians, and prevent the State from encroaching on individual liberty while simultaneously placing upon it an obligation to protect the citizens’ rights from encroachment by society. Seven fundamental rights were originally provided by the Constitution – right to equality, right to freedom, right against exploitation, right to freedom of religion, cultural and educational rights, right to property and right to constitutional remedies. However, the right to property was removed from Part III of the Constitution by the 44th Amendment in 1978.

CIS Homework Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

CIS Homework - Case Study Example It is pertinent to mention here that the guidelines and best practices varies with respect to the medium or category of the technology; for example, the guidelines for information security of the information systems would be not similar to the best practices or guidelines of the computer network, mobile devices, online collaboration and social sharing, internet protection, electronic device security etc (IBM, n.d). One of the most common information security best practices that I have found in all the above mentioned websites is to develop strong password protection for logging in / logging out of any system. One of the main reasons for emphasizing the strong passwords is that despite the development and implementation of latest technologies to protect secured information, the information can easily have unauthorized access if the user has not developed a strong password to secure its personal information. Moreover, most of the information leakage is due to the same reason, as a common hacker can attack to the vulnerability of weak password and break into your

Con law 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Con law 4 - Essay Example The states cannot institute such a punishment because of the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, and most states are against such punishments. There have been two main aspects of consideration by the courts in defining such punishments; these are the amount of punishment and the method of punishment. The courts rely on the evolving standards of decency when considering the method of punishment. On the other hand, in considering the method of punishment the courts use the proportionality rule (Prison Conditions and the Deliberate Indifference Standards the Eighth Amendment, 2011). Over the years, there has been an extension of the Eighth Amendment to cover the conditions of the inmates’ confinement. However, the onus pressed the petitioner to prove that the officials were ‘deliberately indifferent’. Louisiana ex rel. Francis v Resweber 329 U.S 459 (1947) this case held that the petitioner had to show a reasonable intent on the part of the officer admini stering the punishment. Gregg v. Georgia 428 U.S 153 (1976) established the ‘unnecessary and wanton infliction of pain’ standard. The consideration is whether the unnecessary pain inflicted was to serve as punishment and its proportionality to the crime committed. ‘Obduracy and wantonness’ was a key requirement in this standard. The Rhodes v. Chapman case caused the further development of the Gregg standard in 1981, which expanded the scope of the Eighth Amendment to include prison conditions. In Rhodes v. Chapman (452 U.S. 337, 1981) it held that prisoners being housed in double cells is not in contravention of the Eighth Amendment. The Courts were of the opinion that the Constitution does provide for the provision of comfortable prisons; and deprivation of life’s necessities are in violation of the Constitution. However, to double-cell an inmate with a chain smoker is unconstitutional, as was held in Helling v. McKinney (509 U.S. 25, 1993). The Cou rts held that a Nevada inmate, double celled with a chain smoker, had a right to seek a court action. This is because the situation exposed him to some health hazards that he could incur as a passive smoker. However, the courts subsequently offered a more lenient standard for the prisoners; this standard is familiar as the deliberate indifference standard (Eighth Amendment and Deliberate Indifference Standard for Prisoners, 2013). Deliberate Indifference Standard Estelle v. gamble 429, U.S 97 (1976), was the first case in which the courts discussed this standard. Generally, deliberate indifference seems to people as the blatant but conscious disregard of a person’s consequences in relation to his actions or omissions. Negligence on the part of the officials is not a requirement. The court uses it in determining whether an officer has in one way or the other contravened the civil rights of an inmate. The first attempt by the courts to define this standard was made in Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825 (1994). The test has three parts: the first requirement is a substantial or excessive risk of injury to the inmate. This requirement is heavily dependent on the facts of the case presented in court. An example of such a case is Willis v. Baldwin, 70 F.3d 1074 (9th Cir. 1995), where the courts ruled that an exposure to asbestos in a prison constituted a substantial risk of harm. The second requirement is actual knowledge of the risk by the official. Obviousness of the