Why Do Small Businesses Fail And How To Minimize Risk Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2179 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Cause and effect essay Did you like this example? Abstract It has been suggested that the impact of potential causes of small enterprise failure might be reduced if business owners got appropriate advice. This paper reports the results of a national study of small retail and service firms to determine the failure reasons of starting a business. Much of the literature indicates that success and failure of small businesses has a lot to do with preparation of the business owner. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Why Do Small Businesses Fail And How To Minimize Risk Finance Essay" essay for you Create order People who establish a plan for success are usually the people that have better chances of success with their small businesses.The primary audience for this paper are people who are considering starting their own business. A review of the literature was conducted to determine reasons for business failure. The paper concludes with suggestions of how might build on these efforts. Table of Contents Introduction P.4 2.0 Hypothesis Development P.5 3.0 What is business failure? P.5 4.0 Literature review 5.0 Method 5.1 Research Design 6.0 Statement of Results 7.0 Analysis and Discussion 8.0 Conclusion 9.0. Recommendations 10.0 References P. Introduction More and more people are considering starting their own business. By opening a business there could be large profit to be made. However, there are losses may occur as well. Some peoples argued that starting a business in a field that they know well would not fail. Knowing if starting a business at all is what most small businesses fails to consider. According to an SBA Study done in 2005, About 1/3 of Small Businesses fail in the first 2 years, and just over half fail within 4 years. (as citied in Shawn, 2009). These statistics are depressing for people looking to start up a new venture. Richard (2000) claimed SMEs in successful business networks can generate up to 50% more in gross revenues than firms that work in solitude. (p.12). However, Richard (2000) concluded that the most significant reason for this high failure rate is the inability of SMEs to make adequate use of essential business and management practices. (p.12). Abdelsamad and Kindling (1978) stated that although failu res cannot be completely avoided in a free enterprise system, the failure rate could be reduced if some of its causes are recognized and preventive action is taken. (p.24). It is important that small business owners evaluate if they are compatible with entrepreneurship in order to prevent from being part of the failure statistics. Most of the studies on business failure have been elaborated into a predictive perspective. Those business failure prediction literatures mainly analyses statistical models that tend to determine. Moreover, the predictive literature has strong limitations and it provides few clues as to why and how business failure takes place. In fact, predictive studies propose a classification of firms in a default and credit risk management perspective without giving any concrete information about the potential causes of their failure. With tough economic conditions, knowing the reasons business fail and how to avoid failure can increase your chances of success. The results of this study will benefit entrepreneurs to understand the factors of failure involved in new venture startup, to help entrepreneurs to balance between expectation and reality in the process of starting the businesses. The aim is to let business owners know more about preventive measures to avoid such failure and improve chances of success with good preparation and planning and insight. A brief literature review is presented in the next section, followed by the description of the sample and methodology, results and implications, and finally the summary and conclusions. Hypothesis Development People keen on starting a small business sometimes forget about the managerial and entrepreneurial skills necessary to run a business. According to Steiner and Solem (1988), key success factors in small manufacturing businesses would include an owner/manager with experience in the business or prior experience; adequate financial resources; a competitive advantage based upon customer and product specialization; and strategic planning.(p.5). (as citied in Linda Shonesy Robert D. Gulbro ,1998).When going to start a successful small business, you are required to have expertise in business planning, financial management, marketing, human resources management etc. Business knowledge should be on the top of any requirements for small business success. If you dont know anything about the products, how can you sell the products to customer? You can acquire this knowledge through trial and error when starting a small business, but you will probably have to declare bankruptcy before you lear n them all. My theory is that lack of entrepreneurial skill is the main reasons of small business fail. Many people think the business would not be failed if resources provided, such as capital and manpower. Of course, financial management and business planning are also absolute necessities for being a successful entrepreneur. Certainly, you are unable to satisfy customers without these skills. In brief, the question is, however: is entrepreneurial skill the most important factor to prevent business failure? What do we mean by Small Business? Every country has own definition of small business. Some of them defined for different business sectors or industries, while some determined by number of employees. Typically, definitions are based on the number of people employed. For example the traditional definition in Germany had a limit of 500 employees, while in Belgium for 100. In the United States, small business is defined by the number of people employed and it refers to less than 100 employees. There are lots of different definitions of small and medium sized firms. In the recent literature, there is nevertheless a large tendency to differentiate between micro, small and medium size firms. Medium sized firms have a structure and an organization that tend to be closer to the ones of large firms and as the impact of human and psychological factors is less important in these firms than in smaller one. This research is based on the definition of small businesses adopted by the European Commissions definition (2003). Tabl e 1 summarizes the criteria which delineate small business. Enterprise category Headcount Turnover or Balance sheet total medium-sized 250 ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¤ ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬ 50 million ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¤ ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬ 43 million small 50 ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¤ ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬ 10 million ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¤ ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬ 10 million micro 10 ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¤ ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬ 2 million ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¤ ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬ 2 million Table 1: Definition of Small and Medium sized Enterprises (European Commission, 2003) Definition of Business failure We have to consider the meaning of the business failure concept during the research. Some researchers defined their meaning of failure as bankruptcy, while some researchers defined as discontinuance of a business for any reason. The concept of business failure has been differently defined according to the context and the characteristics of the sample of firms. Business entity does not follow the rules and achieves the goals set forth in their business firm, as a result, earning an adequate return and may caused discontinue existence. Business firm stops working due to retirement or businesses are sold for a profit without leaving any liabilities are not classified as a failure. According to Bruno Leidecker (2001), no two experts agree on a definition of business failure. Some conclude that failure only occurs when a firm files for some form of bankruptcy. Others contend that there are numerous forms of organizational death, including bankruptcy, merger, or acquisition. Still o thers argue that failure occurs if the firm fails to meet its responsibilities to the stakeholders of the organization, including employees, suppliers, the community as a whole, and customers, as well as the owners. (p.51-52).In this paper, business failure is considered as incapability of business firm to maintain due to loss of capital. Literature review There are many studies to better understand business failure. However, according to Gaskill, Van Auken and Manning (1993), there are many questions still to be resolved and warrant additional explorationprevious studies do not provide a comprehensive or unified explanation for small firm failure.(p.10) (as citied in Robert, 1996). Why some businesses fail and why some succeed is a matter of debate, although there are some common mistakes that can sink a business in no time. One key area that small business owners often overlook is the importance of planning. Dennis (2001) found that management skills could ensure that small and medium sized enterprises are better prepared to compete in domestic and international (p.52). It is required to know what kinds of planning you should do before starting the small business. It includes unplanned financial management and unplanned marketing research. The results of failure are many; however, no one is concerned on it. Therefore, the researchs purpose is to discuss the significant reason of why small business failure. Poor Business Planning Small businesses often face variety of problems according to their size. Research indicates that poor planning is responsible for most business failures. Doug  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Derek (2006) found that the single largest barrier to succession can be identified as those who do not have a succession plan.(p.308). People work hard to turn small businesses into successful enterprises. However, they have no plan for what will be happened to their business. Cause of bankruptcy often a result of poor planning rather than economic conditions.Most of the business owners who do not have succession plan indicated that it is too early to plan. However, Doug  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Derek  (2006) found that professional advisers indicated it is never too early to start planning. (p.308). In contrast, it is a barrier to overcome if succession occurs over a short period of time. It is inadequate time for the business owner to plan and execute. Another reason why small businesses fail is poor plan ning of both finances and future growth. According to the Small Business Administration and the US Department of Commerces statistic, businesses that fail because their principals cannot, or do not, use financial information appropriately. (as citied in Brian, 2003).Some business owners often lack of the necessary start up funds and cannot come up with adequate financing. Business owners have to arrange adequate money on hand to cover all your financial needs of the business before starting their small business. Also, it is required to calculate how much money needs to carry out daily living expenses and how much money is required to run your business. Furthermore, some of them have no cash and expect either a bank to provide financing. They wrongly assume the banks will provide them with financing based only on their good ideas. But in most instances, the banks would not take into consideration as it reflects poorly the persons ability to manage finances if has no cash. And also , owners cannot ignore the demands of new venture. Many business owners do not know what they need to know and lack of the capital to hire experienced business advisors. Poor Financial Management Small business financial management is a vital aspect of growing a company. According to Mark H. Friedman, founder of Real Time Strategy, Small-business owners live and die for cash flow. (as citied in Nancy , 2006). The most important thing is the monitoring of working capital. This includes accounts receivables, accounts payable and especially cash on hand. Once lack of adequate working capital would affects the particular business. When business is going really well with cash coming in, small business owners tend not to prepare for the next round of business. And cash flow problem occur. Cash flow is a basic measure of a firms ability to maintain sufficient funding to pay off its current liabilities. The owner should know companys bottom line and make good decisions. They should take control of finances by coming up with a budget before purchasing or investing. In order to avoid overspending and hence invest effectively, small business owner should stabilize their cash flow. Wit h this approach can ease a cash crunch, it also can increase the value of the business. Most business owners raise capital from banks. However, Daniel   Richard (2005) found that early stage capital is often the most difficult to raise. (p.64). In fact, it is difficult to raise the capital required in order to properly launch and sustain a business. It will be high cost even if the capital is available. It is crucial for a new business to maintain sufficient resources especially the capital because without proper financing, a new enterprise may find it difficult to compete with competition. The owners have to know how banks approves loan before submitting an application. Financial advisors can help in this situation. gd Lack of Entrepreneurial Skills Most of the peoples think that all it takes to run a business is money. That is not true. You could be an excellent salesperson but lack the skills to handle the seemingly mundane day-to-day skills needed to keep a business running. Entrepreneurs wont make money if cant sell products. Mostly during the startup phase of a new business, lack of entrepreneurial skills in an owner can cause a business to fail. This may not be true during the later growth and maturity periods of business where more administrative and management skills are required. A small firms performance outcome is a function of many variables, including individual owner characteristics, owner behaviors, and environmental influences. Entrepreneurs generally have a high need for achievement and social awareness, and they are high risk takers. Consequently, the personal and personality characteristics of an owner can be a cause of business failure. 5.0 Methodology Subjects 5.1 Research Design Data and Sample Instruments Procedure Data Collection 6.0 Statement of Results 7.0 Analysis and Discussion 8.0 Conclusion 9.0. Recommendations

Essay about What is World History - 4758 Words

What is world history? Bruce Mazlish contends that world history, as opposed to global history, is the study of systemic processes of interaction among diverse peoples, best typified by the work of William H. McNeill. By contrast, global history is the history of globalization, a process that Mazlish argues did not begin to occur on a significant scale until at least the 1950s, and, more plausibly, the 1970s. Citing prominent economic historians, Nicholas Kristof asserts that globalization actually started in the second half of the 19th Century, when steamships, the telegraph, the railroad, and European, North American, and Japanese empire-builders brought humankind into a single densely interwoven community of trade, investment,†¦show more content†¦To me, this is globalization, the global diffusion of humankind and human cultures. In only a few thousand generations, Homo sapiens was everywhere, and everywhere essentially the same, despite superficial differences such as sk in color or width of nose or degree of hirsuteness. Globalization outran evolution. The sheer mobility and versatility of Homo sapiens precluded significant differentiation. Accordingly, I would like to define world history as the history of all the doings of the species Homo sapiens on (and off) the planet Earth, the globe Earth, since its emergence in Africa more than 100,000 years ago. In all these millennia, humankind has swarmed over the whole planet and has exchanged ideas, institutions, technologies, and languages back and forth and every which way, often making it difficult if not impossible to ascertain which idea, institution, technology, or language first arose where or when. 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Marble Female Figure Free Essays

Marble Female Figure Cycladic Final Neolithic, ca. 4500-4000 BC Bequest of Walter C. Baker, 1971 (1972. We will write a custom essay sample on Marble Female Figure or any similar topic only for you Order Now 118. 104) â€Å"The figure represents a rare type known as steatopygous characterized by particularly full legs and buttocks, and is undoubtedly indicative of fertility. â€Å" RACHELLE DARDEN Rachelle Darden Art History 11 Short writing Assignment 2 The marble female figure is a sculpture selected from the Ancient Greek and Roman Galleries at the Metropolitan Museum in Manhattan. It’s also known as the final Neolithical Cycladic marble. The figure, now missing its head is an example of an uncommon type known as steatopygous. This sculpture is a representation of the Human Body in which its described by its distinctive features. It has a thin torso or abdomen suggesting a slim like body however it can be defined by its abstract but round shape. This particular piece is non-realistic in which the form of the breasts are in the shapes of what look like rain drops however they don’t look like actual female breasts but because of their placement it’s obvious that’s what they’re supposed to be. The entire has a plump like nature to in which it suggests that it’s a larger female, not your average female from this era. The thighs on the sculpture are also suggestive because not only are they round but they have a bit of an outline suggesting that they are extra-large which coincides with the rest of the sculpture. The sculptor gave this piece some very distinct features. In fact the most significant piece to this particular sculpture would be the buttocks. The buttocks literally are the largest feature on the sculpture and protrude the rest of the body. The thin yet round abdominal like structure gives the idea of a hin female but definitely a thick one. In contrast, the figure’s upper torso is flat in profile with the arms typically framing V-shaped, pendant breasts. The pudgy, evidently idealized thighs narrow to tiny, stump like feet. However on the feet there are no toes and they don’t stretch out like they would on a regular human body. The body prop ortions are accurate in which you can tell that this sculpture is a very developed female with a very mature body. Looking at the sculpture there’s also a lot of age because its proportioned so well and has a lot of femininity. How to cite Marble Female Figure, Papers

Health Systems between the USA - UK & Australia-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Health Systems between the Usa, Uk and Australia. Answer: Introduction: With the advancement of technology the overall life expectancy of common people significantly increased. Thus the degree of progression of a country can be gauged by the advancement of their health care system. In this assignment, a comparative assessment of healthcare system is done among Australia, the United States of America and Britain. The key objective of this assignment is to scrutinize the cost, accessibility, choice and quality of the healthcare system in the contextual countries. The goal of this assignment is to gauge the efficiency of each country in managing their health care system. The advantages and disadvantages lie within the health care system of Australia, the United States of America and Britain is also assessed. The scopes of improvement are also identified here with putting stress in the Australian system. At the beginning of the assignment, a separate analysis is done in between the given countries. Finally, at the concluding portion, a comparative analysis i s shown with the help of charts, graphs and tables. The assignment is ended by proffering advantages of each country with the other while putting stress on the Australian system. Discussion: Australia Cost: The health expenditure in Australia is calculated as 140.2 billion Dollars which is 9.5 per cent of gross domestic product or GDP of the entire country. Furthermore, 70 per cent of the total costs of the healthcare system is funded by the government with the help of taxpayers money (Mukherjee, 2008). Access: Though the health care system in Australia is good but it's expensive and due to this reason, out of pocket costs stop people receiving care (Davis et al. 2014). Actually, what happens in Australia's health care system is called co-payment process where the patients also pay which is almost 20 per cent of the total cost. However, sometimes, the patients share increases to such a level which is not affordable by the patient (Mukherjee, 2008). Choice: A patient in Australian set up cannot choose their own particular specialist physician. Furthermore, they also might not have a decision about when they are admitted to a health care facility for elective medical procedures. Medicare benefits also depend on a timetable of expenses known as the Medicare Benefits Schedule, or MBS. This is particularly set by the Australian Government after a conversation with the therapeutic experts. Experts are not required to cling to the timetable of treatment (with the exception of optometry) and can charge more than the booked expense (Lancet,2014). Quality: The overall quality of Australian health care system is satisfactory with few scopes of improvement in by strengthening doctor patient ratio (Mukherjee, 2008). Britain Cost: The total health care funding by UK government since 1997 to 2013 has been increased significantly. The total healthcare expenses in private and public health care system in the year 2013 was 150.6 Billion compared to 54. 9 Billion in the year 1997. The total growth recorded for the health care expenditure from 1997 to 2009 was 8.1 per cent whereas the growth has been reduced to 2per cent from 2009 to 2013. The primary funding for health care has been taking place in national insurance contributions apart from general taxation and user charges. The primary advantage of the private sector in health care is the choice of consultants which NHS has adopted recently as patient's basic rights. The main disadvantage of health care is the cost of the treatment which is quite low in NHS in the UK (Anhang Price et al. 2014).Access: national health care system in the UK has been the most accessible health care system in terms of cost. The funding has been increased significantly in the NH S which provides more choices for the low cost and high quality treatment. Whereas the in the accessibility in the private sector dependent on the affordability and wealth. The choice of specialist was always available in private sector which NHS has been implementing as the basic right of the patients. The cost involved in both the cases poses a huge difference where high cost treatment offered by public sector compared to NHS scheme (Mukherjee, 2008). Choice: the people covered under NHS have been provided with some effective rights for choices such as general surgery and NHS care. Even the patients under NHS can choose the organization covered under NHS according to their convenience but the choice in private section depends upon the cost affordability and wealth. Quality: the quality concerns of NHS have been resolved by the periodic increase in budget allocation from 1997 to 2013. The primary concern of the NHS constitution is to provide maximized value with less cost (Fleming, 2008). USA Cost: the national expenditure of United States on Health care has been increased to $3.2 trillion which is a significant increase by 5.8 per cent. The affordable care act has a significant impact on the health care system in the USA which increases the public health care funding. Therefore total growth including private and public sector has significantly increased in late 2015. The government coverage for health care services in the United States is 27.8 per cent whereas the primary funding took place from 84per cent insurance coverage for health care system in the United States. The advantage of private health care system in the USA is fast treatment and free choice of doctors whereas in the case of government funded organizations the queue is long and the choice is less (Runciman, 2012). Access: the accessibility in the private health care system is high compared to government funded hospitals in the USA. 84per cent of the insurance coverage of the United state population could access the facility whereas the rest of the population has a less accessibility in the private sector hospitals in the USA (Lancet,2014). Choice: the choice is high in case of private hospitals and various range of treatments could be availed by the insurance holders in the USA. Patients in private sector hospital could choose any treatment method according to the insurance coverage (Howick et al. 2014). Quality: the quality of the total health care system in the United States is quite high and 84per cent of the insurance covered people could avail the high quality treatment depending upon the affordability and insurance coverage of the nature of the treatment (Alhassan et al. 2015). Results: Figure 1: Australian Health system (Source:Corallo et al. 2014 Figure 2: Life Expectancy among the inhabitant (Source: Corallo et al. 2014) Figure 3: Distribution of doctor per 1000 person Source: Corallo et al. 2014 Figure 4: Distribution of hospital bed per 1000 person (Source:Corallo et al. 2014) Health care Issues Australia USA Britain Basic concept The health care system in Australia is the mixed type where the governmental control is accompanied with the privatization. Each and every Australian Citizen is entitled to the access of the Universal Medical Cover which is also called Medicare. Being an industrialized country, the access to health care system is not ensured by the contextual government. However, the government has provided employee retirement income security act which guarantees full employer preference over health insurance. Hence, it is seen that the health care system in the United States majorly owns by the private sector. The Government of the contextual country establishes a statutory body named National Health Service or NHS to ensure the health of their citizen. Cost (total health care expenditure per capita) 4,115 dollar 9,086 dollar 3,364 dollar Accessibility (per 1000 population) Doctor: 3.4 Hospital bed: 3.4 Nurse:11.3 Acute care: 3.4 Doctor:2.6 Hospital bed: 2.5 Nurse: 7.9 Acute care: 2.5 Doctor: 2.8 Hospital bed:2.8 Nurse: 8.2 Acute care:2.7 Choices As the Australian health care system is a mixed system where privatization and governmental control coexist, the choice of health care is moderate. In the case of the United States, the choice is relatively high as people have sole responsibility for the hospital bill payment. As the healthcare system is fully controlled by statutory organization National Health Service or NHS, the choice is less. Quality Moderate quality moderate affordability High quality low affordability Comparatively Low quality but high affordability. Ranking as per World Health Organization (WHO) 32 37 18 Table 1: Comparisons summarized in charts, tables, pro/con lists etc. (Source:Corallo et al. 2014) Conclusion: All of these three countries have a lack of doctors as per 1000 patients. It is also accompanied by the problem of lack of hospital beds per 1000 patients. Hence, the welfare of the patients should be the first priority to the authority instead of anything else. On this note, each of the above discussed countries needs to pay more attention to improve their doctor patients ration along with the number of bed allocations. Advantages of Australia's system compared to Britain: More choices are available as it is a mixed system. Advantages of Australia's system compared to the USA: It has greater affordability as it is partially controlled by the governmental body. Ways of improvement of Australia's system of implementing elements of the British or US system: Australias health care system will be better if they concentrate on the patients problem, more than their money making thought. Co-payment is something that the poor cannot enjoy even when they want that facility. Ways of improvement of the British, US systems: the British healthcare system needs to pay more attention to the quality, whereas the US system needs to provide health care at more affordable rates. References: Alhassan, R. K., Duku, S. O., Janssens, W., Nketiah-Amponsah, E., Spieker, N., van Ostenberg, P., ... de Wit, T. F. R. (2015). Comparison of perceived and technical healthcare quality in primary health facilities: implications for a sustainable national health insurance scheme in Ghana.PloS one,10(10), e0140109. Corallo, A. N., Croxford, R., Goodman, D. C., Bryan, E. L., Srivastava, D., Stukel, T. A. (2014).A systematic review of medical practice variation in OECD countries. Health Policy, 114(1), 5-14. Davis, K., Stremikis, K., Squires, D., Schoen, C. (2014). Mirror, mirror on the wall. How the performance of the US Health care system compares internationally. New York: CommonWealth Fund. Eijkenaar, F., Emmert, M., Scheppach, M., Schffski, O. (2013). Effects of pay for performance in health care: a systematic review of systematic reviews. Health policy, 110(2), 115-130. The cost of health care in Australia. (2014). Lancet (London, England), 383(9919), 756. Mental Health Council of Australia. (2006). Smart services : Innovative models of mental health care in Australia and overseas. Deakin West, A.C.T.]: Mental Health Council of Australia. Runciman, W., Coiera, E., Day, R., Hannaford, N., Hibbert, P., Hunt, T., . . . Braithwaite, J. (2012). Towards the delivery of appropriate health care in Australia. The Medical Journal of Australia, 197(2), 78-81. Fleming, Jennifer, Foster, Michelle, Taylor, Sandra. (2008). Health care practice in Australia : Policy, context and innovations. South Melbourne, Vic. ; New York: Oxford University Press. Health care in the USA: Turning the corner. (2014). Lancet (London, England), 383(9912), 99. Mukherjee, K., Segal, Richard. (2008). Economic Tradeoff between Purchase of Medical Care and Other Commodities in the USA, ProQuest Dissertations and These

World Export Development Forum 2010

The 11th World Export Development Forum which began on 9th to12th September was held in Chongqing, China. The major theme of the event was ‘Adapting to Post-Crisis World Trade Patterns and Lessons for Export Development’, (Istanbul, 2010).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on World Export Development Forum 2010 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Some of the issues highlighted in the forum were renewed hopes and devotion to export-led growth model and the need to renew objectives and strategies in post-crisis period. The event was also dedicated for discussing issues such as competitiveness and development of export in the global world. They also analyzed and identified some of the challenges that are encountered by developing countries due to the economic shift. The occasion was attended by over 300 delegates drawn from 48 developing and developed countries. They consisted of international and senior nati onal policy makers, representatives of business leaders and international agencies and heads of trade support institutions. The conference was co-hosted by China Council for Promotion of International Trade (CCPIT), Ministry of Commerce of People’s Republic of China (MOFCOM) and the Chongqing City. The delegates were offered an exclusive opportunity to learn more about China’s foreign trade policy and its domestic economy (Simon, 2010). Huang Qi Fan, the Mayor of Chongqing’s municipal government, welcomed the delegates and set the tone of the event by expressing his confidence in maintenance of momentum growth of Chongqing. Yi Xiaozhun who is the Vice-Minister of MOFCOM was the first person to express his thoughts on China’s Foreign Trade. His views were that international trade was the major force in the recovery of world economy which is facing economic and financial shortages. He asserted that China’s success in economic growth was driven by tra de. China had fully devoted herself to open trade policy without any form of trade surpluses. This accelerated restructuring of China’s economy which increased domestic demands (Simon, 2010). It also opened doors for other countries to trade with China and increased chances of export which created an opportunity for economic recovery of the world. The Director-General of the World Trade Organization (WTO), Pascal Lamy, was in agreement with Yi’s thoughts but noted that strong discipline was a requirement to form fair, transparent and predictable trade to meet entrepreneur’s needs.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Wang Jinzhen, the Vice-Chairman of CCPIT, hoped that the conference will deeply analyze the trading landscape at a global level and find appropriate measures to promote trade. He took the mandate to vouch for medium and small sized enterprises t o help in increasing the total number of brands exported by China. However, Secretary-General of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) Mr. Supachai Panitchpakdi added that the issue was beyond just exportation (Istanbul, 2010). He was of the view that boosting skills of various indigenous companies and relating employment to export growth was the best way to acclimatize to the new economic command of the world. He added that a rise in South-South trade will help pull other countries to grow economically. Problems facing 49 under developed countries were also addressed in the forum. Mr Lamy stressed that the constraints in supply have become a stamping block to many countries from getting into the market. This means that accessing the market is not a guarantee that you have already joined the market. Mr Muthuraman added that low rates of saving, high economic and consumption discrepancy and low competition led to slow revitalization in the developed countrie s (McIntyre, 2011). Developing countries however had low labour cost advantage which increased their level of productivity which became their major point of consumption. Growing pressure in currency readjustment due to faster growth rate of Gross Domestic Products was a factor to consider in developing countries. Nevertheless, it was hard to predict the outcome of development in these countries in terms of intensity and speed. Patricia Francis, Executive Director of ITC, laid out various policies on how to respond to the crisis during the forum. She warned against focusing on short-term fixes rather than long term growth that could last. She added that the world needs to review impacts of different behaviours to combat the food crisis, financial challenges and rapid climate change. She noted that focusing on short-term fixes could lead to loss of confidence and trust because of its high risks (Simon, 2010). This is because the world would only benefit from short term gains. She offe red her advice to the world to set equitable goals and set a common responsibility that will see to it that long term gains are achieved. According to Francis, support from strong financial enterprises and trade institutions was required to develop a mutually beneficial partnership between different countries. This was the only way to succumb to the global crisis.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on World Export Development Forum 2010 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More When addressing the state of the world trade, Professor Ghemawat noted the importance of addressing three major issues when it comes to trade, globalization extent, understanding the importance of trade and the extent of constraining trade barriers. He then identified five aspects that assisted trade to be: common currency, common language, land border, stable relationship between the previous colonizer and colony and participating in local trade block (McIntyre, 2011). He further addressed the need to consider cultural, geographical and economic factors which are the major barriers to trade. The panellists expected emerging markets and great development in South-South trade despite these challenges. This success was attributable to open trade, economic integration and investment policies that were favourable. Finding an alternative model to finance the supply chain to help secure more contracts to benefit stakeholders was the major concern of Andrà © Soumah, the Chairman of Audit Control and Expertise Global. He explained that some of the reasons why international trade lacked funds was due to lack of trust which made most banks not to lend stakeholders money. Mr. Soumah insisted that the objectives and strategies of TSIs should be reviewed to help meet the demands of new economic world that is multi-polar in nature. He noted that new mechanisms and structures should be formed to shape multilateral governments, trade institutio ns and organizations. TSIs should also develop policies that dress standards and measures that are non-tariff to prevent them from being barriers. Reference Istanbul, T.(2010).World Export Development Forum: Renewed Optimism for Export-led Growth in the Post-crisis Era. China: International Trade Centre Publishers. McIntyre, K. (2011). 2010 World Export Development Forum. New York: Trade Forum Editorial. Simon, T. (2010). UN World Export Development Forum. New York: International Trade Center Publishers.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This report on World Export Development Forum 2010 was written and submitted by user Kristopher Barr to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Inuit People Essays - Indigenous Peoples Of North America

The Inuit People Essays - Indigenous Peoples Of North America The Inuit People Inuit: A People Preserved By Ice Thousands of years ago, during the last ice age, mile-thick glaciers covered a vast portion of North America, and the Asian continent was joined to North America by a land bridge. The Arctic areas of Alaska, Beringia, and Siberia were free of ice. Vast herds of caribou, muskoxen, and bison migrated to these plains. Following them were the nomadic Asian ancestors of today's Inuit and Indians. The doorway to Asia closed about three or four thousand years later as the glaciers receded and melted. These people: the Inuit (meaning the people), adapted to their harsh tundra environment and developed a culture that remained untainted for a long time. The Inuit people relied solely on hunting for their existence. With summers barely lasting two months, agriculture was non-existent. Animals such as caribou and seal were vital. Groups of hunters would stalk and kill many caribou with fragile bows made of driftwood, and their bounty was split evenly amongst the tribe. Bone spears were fashioned to hunt seals which provided food, oil, clothes, and tents. The seal skins were also used to construct kayaks and other boats that the Inuit would use to travel and to hunt whales. One advantage of the sterile cold of the arctic was that it kept these people free of disease (until they met the white man.) Inuit tribes consisted of two to ten loosely joined families. There was no one central leader in the group: all decisions were made by the community as a whole. Nor was there any definite set of laws; the Inuit, though usually cheery and optimistic, were prone to uncontrolled bursts of rage. Murder was common amongst them and it went unpunished unless an individual's murders occured too often. At that point, that person was deemed unstable, and the community appointed a man to terminate him/her. In their society, the duties of men and women were strictly separated. The males would hunt, fish and construct the tools used by the family. Women, however, were responsible for cleaning the animal skins, cooking, sewing the clothes ( a woman's sewing ability was equally as attractive to a man as her beauty was), and raising the children. Male children were preferred because they could care for their parents in their old age; female children when often strangled soon after birth. Although today Christianity has breached some of the southernmost tribes, the vast majority practice a form of animism. Their rituals are based mainly on the hunt and the handling of slain animals. Magic talismans and charms are believed to control spirits, and shamans are consulted in the case of injury or illness. There are traces of beliefs in an afterlife or reincarnation, but they are very minor. The Inuit people, like many other tribal minorities, are greatly stereotyped and misunderstood by the common man. For example: the Inuit word igloo means house and can refer to the cabins made of sod that most Inuit occupy. Also, the word Eskimo is a misnomer meaning "eaters of raw flesh" given to the Inuit by the Algonquin Indians. This is a simple culture that remained undisturbed until whales became a precious commodity. Their isolation is slowly coming to an end as western civilization puts them into government housing and snowmobiles are increasing as a means of transportation. They are beautifully eccentric, and we must work to preserve their culture. References: "Seasons of the Eskimo: A Vanishing Way of Life" by Fred Bruemmer; Microsoft Encarta96 Encyclopedia; Microsoft Bookshelf.

Assignment On The Fundamental Rights

Assignment On The Fundamental Rights All democratic constitutions provide for the guarantee of certain rights, which are inviolable and beyond the reach of the state. Rights arise from very social nature of man and which are the external conditions necessary for the greatest possible development of the capacities of the personality. Fundamental Rights are sacro sanct and the supporting pillars of democracy as a form of government and as a way of life. . Democracy and inviolable fundamental rights go together. In this assignment I would like to elaborate the Fundamental Rights under the Constitution of India. Constitutionalism is an achievement of the modern world. The following are the salient features of Indian Constitution. The longest written constitution in the world The idea of popular sovereignty Supremacy of the constitution Provision for Fundamental Rights Provision for Directive Principles of State Policy Provides Parliamentary system of Government Provision for secularism Encouraging Socialistic pattern of so ciety Sovereign Democratic Republic Provision for Emergency Provides single citizenship Provision for single integrated judiciary Federalism The constitution of India has a wonderful preamble. The preamble is an introduction to a Constitution. It proclaims the source, objectives and date of adoption of the constitution. The preamble of the Indian constitution reads as follows: WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC and to secure to all its citizens: †Ã¢â‚¬â„¢JUSTICE†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢, social, economic and political; †Ã¢â‚¬â„¢LIBERTY†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship; †Ã¢â‚¬â„¢EQUALITY†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ of status and of opportunity; And to promote among them all †Ã¢â‚¬â„¢FRATERNITY†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the Nation; IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this twenty-sixth day of November, 1949, do HER EBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION. Demand for Fundamental Rights in India During the 19th century a demand for civil rights in India took deep root. The Indians were subjects and not citizens under British rule. Before 1947 India did not have national liberty, and the individual, therefore, could never imagine to have individual freedom with the complete set of guaranteed fundamental rights. As early in 1895, under the inspiration of Bal Gangadar Thilak, a swaraj bill was prepared and this thought in terms of a constitution guaranteeing fundamental rights. In 1928, the Nehru Report spoke of the need to have fundamental rights in the future constitution of India. In 1933, the Karachi session of the Indian National Congress adopted a resolution in favor of fundamental rights. But the British government did not accept the demand of the Indians to incorporate a list of fundamental rights in the constitutions introduced in India. Fundamental Rights: A Preface The F undamental Rights, embodied in Part III of the Constitution, guarantee civil rights to all Indians, and prevent the State from encroaching on individual liberty while simultaneously placing upon it an obligation to protect the citizens’ rights from encroachment by society. Seven fundamental rights were originally provided by the Constitution – right to equality, right to freedom, right against exploitation, right to freedom of religion, cultural and educational rights, right to property and right to constitutional remedies. However, the right to property was removed from Part III of the Constitution by the 44th Amendment in 1978.

CIS Homework Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

CIS Homework - Case Study Example It is pertinent to mention here that the guidelines and best practices varies with respect to the medium or category of the technology; for example, the guidelines for information security of the information systems would be not similar to the best practices or guidelines of the computer network, mobile devices, online collaboration and social sharing, internet protection, electronic device security etc (IBM, n.d). One of the most common information security best practices that I have found in all the above mentioned websites is to develop strong password protection for logging in / logging out of any system. One of the main reasons for emphasizing the strong passwords is that despite the development and implementation of latest technologies to protect secured information, the information can easily have unauthorized access if the user has not developed a strong password to secure its personal information. Moreover, most of the information leakage is due to the same reason, as a common hacker can attack to the vulnerability of weak password and break into your

Con law 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Con law 4 - Essay Example The states cannot institute such a punishment because of the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, and most states are against such punishments. There have been two main aspects of consideration by the courts in defining such punishments; these are the amount of punishment and the method of punishment. The courts rely on the evolving standards of decency when considering the method of punishment. On the other hand, in considering the method of punishment the courts use the proportionality rule (Prison Conditions and the Deliberate Indifference Standards the Eighth Amendment, 2011). Over the years, there has been an extension of the Eighth Amendment to cover the conditions of the inmates’ confinement. However, the onus pressed the petitioner to prove that the officials were ‘deliberately indifferent’. Louisiana ex rel. Francis v Resweber 329 U.S 459 (1947) this case held that the petitioner had to show a reasonable intent on the part of the officer admini stering the punishment. Gregg v. Georgia 428 U.S 153 (1976) established the ‘unnecessary and wanton infliction of pain’ standard. The consideration is whether the unnecessary pain inflicted was to serve as punishment and its proportionality to the crime committed. ‘Obduracy and wantonness’ was a key requirement in this standard. The Rhodes v. Chapman case caused the further development of the Gregg standard in 1981, which expanded the scope of the Eighth Amendment to include prison conditions. In Rhodes v. Chapman (452 U.S. 337, 1981) it held that prisoners being housed in double cells is not in contravention of the Eighth Amendment. The Courts were of the opinion that the Constitution does provide for the provision of comfortable prisons; and deprivation of life’s necessities are in violation of the Constitution. However, to double-cell an inmate with a chain smoker is unconstitutional, as was held in Helling v. McKinney (509 U.S. 25, 1993). The Cou rts held that a Nevada inmate, double celled with a chain smoker, had a right to seek a court action. This is because the situation exposed him to some health hazards that he could incur as a passive smoker. However, the courts subsequently offered a more lenient standard for the prisoners; this standard is familiar as the deliberate indifference standard (Eighth Amendment and Deliberate Indifference Standard for Prisoners, 2013). Deliberate Indifference Standard Estelle v. gamble 429, U.S 97 (1976), was the first case in which the courts discussed this standard. Generally, deliberate indifference seems to people as the blatant but conscious disregard of a person’s consequences in relation to his actions or omissions. Negligence on the part of the officials is not a requirement. The court uses it in determining whether an officer has in one way or the other contravened the civil rights of an inmate. The first attempt by the courts to define this standard was made in Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825 (1994). The test has three parts: the first requirement is a substantial or excessive risk of injury to the inmate. This requirement is heavily dependent on the facts of the case presented in court. An example of such a case is Willis v. Baldwin, 70 F.3d 1074 (9th Cir. 1995), where the courts ruled that an exposure to asbestos in a prison constituted a substantial risk of harm. The second requirement is actual knowledge of the risk by the official. Obviousness of the

The Kite Tunner Essay Example for Free

The Kite Tunner Essay In The Kite Runner, even though Hassan remains loyal, forgiving, and good natured, he is still the character who suffers the most. Hassan is a character who is discriminated against from the start of the book, till the very end. He is a part of a poor ethnic group called Hazaras whom are considered victims in the Afghan society. Amir and Hassan are half brothers, but because Hassan was a Hazara, he grew up in a hut as a servant working for his own father. Hassan understands his inferiority and accepts it, which causes other people to take advantage of him by betraying him. For example, even though Hassan always stood up for Amir, Amir left Hassan to get raped. Hassan was too scared to stand up for his best friend and believed that Hassan is sacrificing himself for Amir. Not only was the rape an attack physically, but it is also an attack on the victim’s emotions and dignity. In the Kite Runner, Hassan suffers the most pain both physically and mentally by living his life being betrayed, discriminated and losing his family. To start off, Hassan is a poor ethnic Hazara, he is considered inferior to the Afghan society, and therefore is discriminated throughout the whole novel. For example, Hassan and Amir both have the same rich father, but because Hassan was illegitimate and was a Hazara, he grew up as a servant in his father’s hut. With this in mind, Hassan is discriminated by everyone even his own family even the ones who Hassam didn’t even know was his family. Discrimination is so significant in his life that he has accepted the fact that he was born to be hated for his appearance. Hassan’s biological father Baba lies to Hassan and doesn’t even tell him that he is his real father. Despite the fact that Hassan gets discriminated upon, he still remains loyal and forgiving. Another example would be when the Taliban wanted Baba’s house and when they found out that Hassan and his wife were kuvubg u but alone, they wouldn’t listen to him when he tried to explain that Rahim Khan was the owner and they were waiting his return. The Taliban of course shot Hassan and his wife leaving Sohrab alone. The Taliban who show Hassan and his Wife were dismissed from their trial because they said it was self defence. They were dismissed because they have no proof that the Hazaras attacked the Taliban because no one would stand up for Hazaras. With this in mind, Hassan has died In addition, despite the fact that everyone knows that Hassan is good natured, he still is betrayed many times in the story mostly by his best friend Amir. In detail, Amir treats Hassan unfairly even thought he knows that Hassan will be good about it. For example, Amir left Hassan to get raped by Assef in the alley Hassan taught him incorrect meaning of words. Even after Amir betrays Amir, Hassan continues to serve him. and abandoning him even though Hassan saved him countless amounts of time. Amir only does this because When Assef asked Amir why he’s friends with a Hazara, Amir said that he’s his servant and nothing more. Amir didn’t know that Hassan was his half brother, which leads Amir to take advantage of Hassan. Rape is one of the events in the story that happens to Hassan that makes him suffer the most. In this story, rape is not just physically violent, but it is also an attack on the victim’s emotions and dignity. The fact that Hassan didn’t resist just proves his role in society and how he accepts punishment that is given upon him. The rape proves that he doesn’t care about his own suffering Lastly, Hassan suffers by losing the people who were once family to him. Hassan suffers because his half brother Amir is the reason why Hassan and Ali left the house. In fact, Hassan has it tougher than Amir from the beginning. Not only did he lose his mother, his mother rejected him at birth. Sanaubar had taken one glance at the baby in Alis arms, seen the cleft lip, and barked a bitter laughter. [ ]. She had refused to even hold Hassan, and just five days later she was gone. (29). This event has left Hassan motherless ever since birth. He is separated from his beloved Amir and Baba whom he spent his whole life with. Another example would be when his mother left and rejected him at birth.

Essay --

Introduction: "Based on five principles of Canada Health Act, Government of Canada introduced national healthcare system in 1962. Canadian government was committed to provide universal and comprehensive healthcare service that is accessible by all permanent residents without restriction based on ones’ income. Canada’s healthcare system is jointly financed by the federal and the provincial government with centralized guidelines established by the federal government to ensure uniform healthcare services across the country. Canada spent approximately $211 billion on healthcare in 2013 with an average of $5,988 per person (CIHI, 2001). Healthcare spending continues to rise and is expected to be 50% of Ontario’s total annual spending in near future. About 70% of Canada’s healthcare cost is publically funded and only 30% is funded by health insurance and out-of-pocket costs (Toronto Sun, 2013). Recent Angus Reid study has revealed that the Canadian healthcare system is struggling to provide satisfactory services to its citizens. It was revealed that 187,000 patients were waiting to receive treatment and 45% of those in the waiting line characterized themselves as â€Å"in pain† (Health Canada, 2005). Waiting lines are common across Canada, for instance, waiting period between primary consultation and surgery is 10.2 weeks in Ontario and 17.1 weeks in Saskatchewan. Due to increase in Demand and aging population, waiting lines have grown by more than 5 weeks since 1967 (Gratzer, 2001). The situation in Ontario and Quebec are more sever compared to other provinces in Canada. In February 1999, demand for healthcare reached a point where it exceed supply and Ontario healthcare had to arrange cancer treatment in United States. Angus Reid poll... ... medical services are said to be free but not many are available without waiting lines. Many issues faced by Canada’s current healthcare system can be addressed by introducing a parallel private and public healthcare system. In order to introduce a two-tier healthcare system, amendments to Canada Health Act at both federal and provincial levels are required. It has been concluded that implementation of two-tier health care system is utmost important as it will be difficult for the government to sustain healthcare funding in future. Two-tier healthcare system will provide efficient healthcare system as waiting lines will be reduced, government spending will be controlled, private sector will provide access to modern technology as well as encourage Canadian physicians to practice in Canada rather than shifting to United States for higher financial incentives."

Aim In Life Essay

I always feel that one needs to know where one is going in life so that when one reaches the place he can move beyond the horizon set for him. That is why it is essential for every person to have some aim in life. This aim gives people the strength to face obstacles and move the barriers in path to success. Almost every successful human being in history had a dream, which became the driving force that took them to the pinnacle of success. The aims of these people were to make the dream a reality. Henry Ford’ s aim was to make the motor car within the reach of the common people and today Ford is one of the biggest car manufacturers in the whole world. In Bangladesh, Dr. Yunus’s aim to bring credit facility to the poorest people in the country saw the birth of now world famous Grameen Bank I also have an aim in life. My aim is to own a business organization that-opens up opportunities to young people of the country. Helping them to get established in their own ventures with the right support by training them, helping them obtain capital and any other support they may need. I will try to encourage people to become entrepreneurs and such an organization will go a long way in encouraging people to take up the path of business. To fulfill my aim I want to get a degree in business administration as I feel this will equip me with the right attitude and knowledge. Then I intend to work in different reputed organizations to orient myself with the structure and workings of companies. I feel that, with the right education and work experience along with the right type of network. I will one day be able to reach my aim in life and then maybe go beyond that towards an even broader horizon.

Software Marketing

Software is composed of many programs that all together fulfill a certain task. Programs are strict instructions that tell the computer what to do. A computer is a complex machine that uses directions like programs and software to operate, without it it†s useless. In other words, software brings life to a computer†s hardware. More precisely, it represents what fuel is to a car. There are two categories of software; operating systems and applications. Both of them are a necessity to one†s computer. The first one is the largest program, and the most important one. This software deals with file management, memory management, provides a user interface, and manages I/O devices like printers, and disk drives. Microsoft is well known for their Windows 95, and Windows NT operating systems, two of the most popular operating system on the market because of its user-friendly features. But operating system like Unix, and Linux are more known for their stability, and good performance. On the other hand, applications are smaller programs that fulfill a less important task. To satisfy the user†s demand, programs are written accordingly. For example, a lot of word processor users have the privilege of having programs like Word to help them. Other might like spread sheets, and use programs like Excel, or Lotus1-2-3. There are also database applications like Access, or programming compilers like Borland C++. All those application are very common for personal computers. This is why companies try to sell along with a computer an operating system, and a package of highly demanded applications at the same time. Operating system, like application is expensive. Recently, companies have been offering free version of software on the Internet for competition, or economic purposes. Therefore two new categories of software emerged; shareware (freeware), and proprietary software. First, shareware are software programs that are available to anyone who wishes to use it. Winzip for example can be downloaded from the Internet for free. Thanks to Microsoft, a multitude of useful software are available the same way, the most popular one is probably Internet explorer. An important notice about shareware is that they†re not complete programs, in other words the version downloaded is not as complete as the original one, but it still fits some user†s demands. That†s what counts. On the other hand, proprietary programs are exactly what a freeware program is not. In other words, it†s complete, expensive, and protected. Whit it comes a license that unauthorizes anyone to duplicate, copy, or install the purchased software. Any violation of this right may lead to further implications. The purchase only allows the buyer to use the software, not to copy it. This leads to the complex laws of ownership. To understand the meaning of ownership, it†s important to known what ownership is, and how it†s acquired. First, ownership means to own a property by right, therefore it†s a legal possession that ensure proprietorship. Second ownership can be acquired in more then one way. By purchasing a house you can become a owner, if you create, find, or inherit a thing you therefore logically become the owner as well. For example, if you find a gold mine you become the legal owner. There is different kind of ownership, and the most common one is certainly physical ownership. In this case the recipient is able to do whatever he wishes with his propriety. As an object, owners can use their properties as they want, as long as they†re not violating the law, or anyone†s rights. A house is a great example of physical ownership. The owner is able to do whatever he wants to it, as long as he doesn†t endanger his neighbors. This is where ownership software becomes more delicate. Can software be treated in a similar way? should it be considered as an object? This question is complex, and this is why policies have been created for software copying. For example, if an individual buys a computer program, he buys the right to use that software as much as he wants. On the other hand, strict laws forbid him to duplicate, or copy the actual software. Indeed as for books, videos, and songs there are copyright laws that govern software copying, and the violation of those laws are serious. Computer software are ideas that are translated in coding, therefore making duplicates is like stealing someone else†s idea; it†s plagiarism, that†s a crime. By those laws, computer programmers are protected as well as writers, and signers. Therefore they get the credit for their work. But this particular aspect of software copying is still uncertain, because authorities fail to enforce the law, and this is how computer software, videos, and songs are illegally copied everyday. Programmers do get credit, but they lose an enormous profit. Another important kind of software ownership is called patent. This kind of ownership is a writing in paper securing an invention. Like this, a programmer is given complete rights over his software. He has the power to give, copy, install, uninstall, or simply give to a certain individual a copy of his program. This is how programmers are protected from other programmers that would like to develop a program closely similar to there†s. All this discussion about ownership seems to be so complex, therefore why isn†t software free for all to use? In a capitalist society like ours, the fundamental purpose of creating a product is to make profit out of it. If not, why would you spend ten dollars to print a T-shirt, and sell it for free. This idea seems ridiculous. On the other hand, individual like Richard Stallman claims that software ownership is harmful to society. How is that? Computers engineering like any other businesses as to meet certain economic standars to maintain themselves. The industry of computers is constantly growing, and therefore more demanding in terms of software. Before the Internet, word processors, and spreadsheets were very popular, but now Font page 98, and Internet Explore are one of the upcoming software in the business. Now the question is, why sell them for free when they†re creating huge profits? Richard Stallman argument is that it deprives people from using the software. This is like saying that a BMW should be free, because it deprives the lower class people from driving a luxury car. Now does that make sense? In his article, his analogy to roads is completely false. Why? Simply because roads are not free, tax payers give every year a part of their salary to maintain them, therefore should that mean that we should all pay for free software. Of course not, because the needs of roads, is not comparable to needs computer software. Roads are a necessity, while computers are still optional. Stallman claims also that free software ownership damages social cohesion. Therefore, the fact of not copying software could hurt society. Does it mean that I†m being a bad citizen? Should this example be right for cars, houses, pay checks, etc†¦ If so, it†s not going to happen any time soon. Stallman argument are week, and unrealistic. In other word they don†t make sense. For the simple fact that every example used in his article are easily destroyed. Therefore, his arguments are incomplete. Computer science is constantly expanding, it's therefore providing a great amount of profit to our society. As capitalist, the idea of giving computer software for free should not even be considered, yet ignore, simply because it makes no sense for programmers, as it would for any other profession to give a service for free. This is why copyright laws have been set in order to regulate those that support Stallman†s theory. But still, the authorities fail to enforce those laws, therefore this problem is far from being over. It†s very easy to get free software, especially with the arrival of CD writers.

The Best Way to Study and Practice for ACT Science

The Best Way to Study and Practice for ACT Science SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips The ACT Science is like a double rainbow: unique,complicated to understand, and people freak out when they see it.Unlike a double rainbow, which tends to freak people out because of its awesomeness, the ACT Science section tends to freak people out because ofthecrazy time crunch with only 35 minutes to answer 40 questions. Even so, if you want to do well on the ACT Science, you can't avoid it. You have to buckle down and create a greatstudy plan. The good news is there are several easy steps to take to make sure you are studying for the ACT Science section in the right way. Here is an overview of what this guide covers: Which study materials to use The importance of using realistic timing How you should be reviewing your practice tests Memorizing whatthe ACT Science expects you to know Step 1: Study With Official Materials This step may seem obvious, but in order to get the most out of your studying, you need to study with ACT Science specific material. As I said before,the ACT Science section is unlike other science tests you've taken; your AP or IB sciencestudy materials will not help you here. You need to find ACT study materials that you like working with and that fit your study schedule. The highest quality source of practice tests is almost always official ACT practice tests. If you like my approach below, you’ll love PrepScholar’s program.We do the heavy lifting for you, by splitting up our prep material into specific skills. We'll detect your weaknesses automatically and give you focused lessons and quizzes to improve those skills. Also, check out our article on recommended ACT prep books. You should takea minimum of four full-length practice ACT Science sections before your test date. Step 2: Stick to the Real Timing The ACT Science section is the tightest time crunch of any section of the test: 7 passages, 40 questions, 35 minutes, leaving only 52.5 seconds to answer each question. You need to keep yourself to a five minutes per passage pace.If you do not do this in your practice, you will not be able to do it the day of the test.You should be taking a minimum of four practice tests, but I'd argue you should take around seven to eight practice ACT Science sections to nail this timing. Don't disturb the dragon. Step 3: Review Your Mistakes This is the MOST important step of all. After taking your practice test, don't just score your test and move on to the next one. You need to actuallyreview your mistakes. When reviewing practice tests, people tend to have some or all of these wrong impulses: Impulse 1: Focusing on what you did well and ignoring what you did wrong (not helpful). Impulse 2: Disregarding questions you got wrong because they were just "careless mistakes" (not helpful). Impulse 3: Focusing on the fact that you got things wrong and ignoring review in favor of self-loathing (popular among some overachievers, and yet...still not helpful). These impulses are not helpful!Review is the most important step in your study process.It is how you learn and improve. Your review of your ACT Science questions should be different depending on the type of passage.If you do not know the three types of ACT Science Passages, I recommend reading our other article first before continuing to read this article. As a brief review, there are three types of ACT Science Passages: 3 Data Representation Passages 3 Research Summary Passages 1 Conflicting Viewpoints Passage Data Representation Passages and Research Summary Passages are very similar. Both use visuals (graphs, tables, etc.) as the primary way to convey information. We willevaluate your mistakes for both in the same way. Conflicting Viewpoints Passages are the most unique since theytypically do not have any visuals.We will use a different approach for evaluating your mistakes. Reviewing Research Summary and Data Representation Passages We can't always be invincible. Start by analyzing your confidence for each question.Categorize each question as skipped, guessed (after process of elimination), or (you thought you) knew.Do this for all questions even the ones you got right.Be sure to review all questions that you skipped or guessed (even if you got some of the guessed ones right). For the skipped questions: Why did you skip? Did you run out of time?You should never skip on the ACT since there is no penalty for guessing.Make sure you leave yourself enough time at the end to at least pick a letter to bubble in for the remaining questions. For the guessed questions: Why did you guess right? Why did you guess wrong? Is there a difference in the way you approached the guessed questions you got right versus those you got wrong? Next, understand the reason you got the question wrong.Categorize your mistakes into 1 of 6 areas. Misreading the visuals Not understanding a trend Not understanding the setup of the experiment Misreading the passage Not knowing a science fact Careless error I will go into more detail on each type of mistake below. Mistake Type 1: Misreading the Visuals This is one of the most common mistakes since it's easy to do, and it applies to a lot of questions in ACT science. If you read our article on the three types of act science passages, this mistake is usually connected to factual questions and interpreting experiments questions.Did you not read the graphs, tables, scatterplots or diagrams correctly?If so, what did you misread? What did you not understand?Make sure to drill this skill, as it is the most tested on the ACT Science section.Here is an example of a factual question: There are several mistakes you can make when misreading graphs. Did you look at the wrong figure entirely? Example: Did you accidentally use the top graph of the percent of captured finches from Island A? You should have used the two bottom graphs that coveredthe percent of captured finches from Island B and C. Did you misread the valuesalong the x-axis or y-axis? Example: Did you think it said 8 instead of 10? Did you misread the labels along the x-axis or y-axis? Example: Did you think beak depth was measuredalong the y-axis? Did you not notice a key? Example: Many visuals will have a key with them. Keys are usually very important. Do not ignore them. You will recognize these mistakes when your answer choice is very different fromthe correct answer. If you think you may have misread the visual, start by analyzing the question. Did it refer to a specific figure? Did you look at Figure 2 when it said Figure 1? If it did not refer to a specific figure in the question, did the answer choices have numbers? For example, inquestion 1 above, the answers A, B, C, and D all have numbers: 8 mm, 9 mm, 10 mm, etc. If the answer choices contain numbers, it is a safe bet that you either needed to read a visual or understand a trend to answer the question correctly. I will explore understanding a trend mistakes next. If you think you struggle to understand visuals, you need to focus on improving this skill since it is the most tested skill on the ACT Science section. In order to improve, I'd recommend taking a few untimed ACT Science sections. Take as much time as you need to answer each question and dissect the visuals provided. Write out the control and variable(s). Write out the values at each data point. By doing this seemingly tedious step, you will be making sure you understand the information the visual is trying to convey. After reaching an acceptable score when taking untimed sections, I'd start taking timed sections immediately. As I said before, you will need to nail the 5-minute per passage timing to succeed on the ACT Science section. Mistake Type2: Not Understanding a Trend This mistake is usually connected to interpreting trends questions and calculations questions. Were you not able to describe the relationship of the data? Increasing, decreasing, direct, indirect? Were you not able to extrapolate / interpolate a trend? Here's an example of an interpreting trends question: Answering this question requires understanding what caused small seeds or large seeds to bemore abundant. In this case,this graph below and the two sentences directly above it provide the information you need. If you misread the graph or mixed up these sentences, you may have gotten the answer wrong. According to the two sentences, small seeds are abundant during wet years. According to the graph, 1984 was a wet year, so J. 1984 is the correct answer. I'd recommend the same approach to fixing this problem as with misreading the visuals. Take untimed practice sections. Try to draw on the visuals the extrapolation of the data. Draw the line as if it went out further. Follow the table. Put up and down arrows for if the data is going up from point to point or down from point to point. Once you start excelling at these interpreting trends and calculations questions, go back to the 5-minute per passage pace. Mistake Type3: Not Understanding the Setup of the Experiment This mistake is usually connected to experimental design/research intent questions and hypothetical experimental questions.Did you not understand the researcher’s intent? Did you not understand the experiment’s design? Did you not know the control versus variables? Here's an example of an experimental design question: Answering this question requires understanding what the titrant and sample solution were. In this case, the passage defines what a titrant is and what a sample solution is, but if you misread the passage, it's easy to mix it up, especially since it's just a bunch of liquid being mixed together anyway. Be sure to skim the passage for this information if you cannot figure it out from the visuals alone. Mistake Type4: Misreading the Passage Did you miss key information from the passage needed to answer the questions? Make sure you read carefully. If you are not 100% sure what the answer is, go back and skim if you have the time. Try to be 100% sure before you move on to the next question. Regarding the question in mistake type 2, it would be easy to misread the two sentences you need to answer the question correctly. If you were reading too quickly, you may think that the small seeds were abundant during dry years and answer incorrectly. Take your time and make sure you understand what you read, so you get the correct answer. Mistake Type5: Not Knowing a Science Fact If you read our article on the only actual science you need to know for the ACT science, this mistake is on those questions.These questions only appear about four times per test and require outside science knowledge. To make sure the mistake is because of a lack of outside knowledge, re-read the entire passage and make sure they do not give you the information you needed to answer the question.If you still think it is an outside knowledge question, make a flashcard with the information you didn’t know. Study the flashcards, so you get the information down.You should make flashcards for all the topics from the only actual science article and drill yourself.Also, be sure to do some additional light research to refresh yourmemory of that concept. It is not necessary to read a book on the subject, but just be sure you have a basic understanding of the concept. The question below expects you to know that protons are positively charged, electrons are negatively charged, like charges repel each other, and opposite charges attract each other. Nowhere in the passage is this property of charges stated - you just have to know this from your science class experience.Knowing what you do, you can eliminate F and H. In this case, the passage stated the reaction uses protons, so the answer is G. Knowingthis material is the only way to get a score between 31 and 36. If you are aiming for a score of 30 or below on the ACT Science section, you do not need to spend as much time focused on these questions, since they only account for about four questions per test. Mistake Type6: Careless Error Did you make a small calculation error in question that requires basic math? Did you misread the question? Did you not see a NOT or EXCEPT?Make sure to read the questions closely and circle or underline the NOT or EXCEPT so you don’t miss it. It would be very easy to read this too fast and think the question is asking which of the following is true. I have watched many of the students I tutor make that mistake, and I have made that mistake myself. Try to read carefully to avoid these careless mistakes. Reviewing Conflicting Viewpoints Passages Again, start by analyzing your confidence for each question.Label them as either skipped, guessed, or knew.Try not to skip in the future since you are not penalized for guessing on the ACT.Review all skipped and guessed problems (even if you got some guessed questions right). Understand the reason you got the question wrong.Categorize mistakes into two categories: Not understanding the point of view Not understanding the differences and similarities in the points of view Mistake Type 1: Not Understanding the Point of View If you read our article on the three types of act science passages, this mistake is usually connected to understanding of viewpoints questions. If you continue to struggle with theses types of question, circle and/or underline as you read the passage to make sure you remember the point of view of each student/scientist. What is their argument? What do they believe?Write yourself a three word or less summary after reading the paragraphi.e. â€Å"pro-comet theory,† â€Å"anti-comet theory.† Answering this question requires understanding Student 2's point of view. In this case, Student 2 said that Algol B became a part of the Algol system because Algol B intersected orbits with the original Algol system, so the original Algol system exerted a gravitational force on Algol B. Therefore, the answer is H. If you did not understand Student 2's argument, you would get this question wrong. Mistake Type 2: Not Understanding the Differences and Similarities in the Points of View This mistake is usually connected to comparing viewpoints questions.Were you able to differentiate between the two scientists/students? How were their viewpoints similar? Answering this question requires understanding both Scientist 1's and Scientist 2's point of view and knowing the similarities between them. In this case, both agreed the object explodedat 8 km above the Earth, so we can eliminate B, C, and D. Therefore, the answer is A. If you did not know this key similarity between them, you probably would have answered incorrectly. Step 4: Study the Science Subjects That the ACT Expects You to Know As I mentioned briefly above, check out our other article on the only actual science you need to know for the ACT Science section. Do some light research to make sure you have a basic understanding of each topic. Make flashcards of that material.Drill yourself until you know it.Because there are 13 topics mentioned in that article and only around four used per practice test, it is possible you may not come across all of them in your studies.You do not want to be surprised the day of the test, so make flashcards and make sure you know them! Recap to the Best Way to Study ACT Science Here are the steps to success: Study with real ACT Science materials When you take practice sections, make sure you are sticking to the real timing! (five minutes per passage) Review your mistakes from your practice tests. (Don't ignore them! This is the most important step!) Study the science subjects that the ACT expects you to know I hope you see know that the ACT Science is easy if you have a good study plan. What's Next? Study hard, review like a pro, and get a 36 on the ACT Science section! Get more helpcracking the ACT Science section. Learn the big secret of ACT Science. Find outthe science you have to know, and learn the best way to read ACT Science passages. Not sure where you want to go to college? Learn how to do college research right.Once, you know where you want to go to school, pickyour ACT target score. Aiming for a top college? Read our advice on getting into Harvard, the Ivy League, and Stanford. Like this article? Want to improve your ACT score by 4 points? Check out our best-in-class online ACT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your ACT score by 4 points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes what you study to your strengths and weaknesses. If you liked this Sciencelesson, you'll love our program.Along with more detailed lessons, you'll get thousands ofpractice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Check out our 5-day free trial:

Essay 2 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

2 - Essay Example Independent variables were region, age, and gender. Region referred to the student’s place of study, and took the values of EU, OS, and UK. Age was divided into two values: regular (below 21 years old as of 1st September at the year of intake) and mature (below 21 years old as of 1st September at the year of intake). Gender took the values of Male and Female. Frequency count was used to find the number of respondents per category. In finding the relationship between continuous variables (e. g. scores), Pearson’s correlation techniques were used. In finding the relationship between categorical variables, cross tabulation and chi square tests were performed on the data. To investigate the effects of prior maths education on unit scores and overall performance, t test were conducted. Finally, to find out which variables predicted overall performance, regression analysis was performed. Presentation and Discussion of Results Demographic profile of respondents There were a to tal of 236 respondents surveyed for this study. Table 1 shows the country of origin of the respondents. Figures indicate that majority if the respondents are from the UK (36.4%), China (25.4%), and India (8.5%). In terms of the Program that the respondents are taking up, 36.4% are majoring in MSc (Hons) Management (n = 88), 26.3% in Marketing (n = 62), 16.1% in Accounting (n = 38), 12.3% in IBE (n = 29), 3.8% in Human Resources (n = 9), and 3.4% in IS (n = 8). There are 2 respondents each majoring in Decision Making and in Operations. Of the respondents surveyed, 53.8% are from the OS region (n = 127), 36.4% are from the UK region (n = 86), and 9.7% are from the EU region (n = 23). There were 87.3% of respondents who were considered regular students (n = 206), while 12.7% are mature students (n = 30). There were more female respondents in this study at 53.4% (n = 126) compared with male respondents at 46.6% (n = 110). Descriptive Statistics The primary interest of this study is the overall performance of students and the underlying factors that may predict overall performance. As such, it would be helpful to look into the descriptive characteristics of overall performance scores and the individual unit course scores (Anderson, Sweeney, & Williams, 2009). Figure 1 shows that the overall performance scores are skewed to the left, with higher concentration on the 50 to 70 range (Mean = 56.88, SD = 11.7). Table 2 reflects the mean scores of respondents in the different units. The figures indicate that students have the highest mean score in BMAN10001 (10) – Economic Principles: Microeconomics (Mean = 70.02, SD = 14.77) and the lowest mean scores in BMAN10621 (10) – Fundamentals of Financial Reporting. Table 1. Histogram of overall performance scores. Relationship between unit courses and overall performance Overall performance was measured by taking the average of a student’s unit courses. It is helpful to find out in this investigation which unit course affects overall performance most. Table 3 shows the correlation coefficients, Pearson’s r, between the unit courses and overall performance. The figures show that overall performan

Business Function Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business Function Assignment - Essay Example They will influence the decision-making process of the government regulators, the third stakeholder group. Moreover, the concerns of the environmentalists will be muted, as they have been in North America, if the European public-at-large is confident that the science behind GM products is sound and that the risks to the environment and to public health are minimal if not absent. European consumers essentially share the same interests as environmentalists, but couched in a somewhat different way. This stakeholder group expects the products they purchase, and particularly their food supply, to be 100% safe. They understandably want to protect themselves and their families from any potential harm or risk that might be associated with consumption of GM products. While environmentalists are concerned more with the effects of production on the environment as a whole, consumers are more specifically concerned with individual safety. That being said, much of the concern of European consumers regarding GM products is fed by the anti-GM campaign carried on by the environmentalists. The third stakeholder group is government officials and regulators. This group has an interest in carrying out its responsibility to the European public safety. They also have a significant political interest in holding onto power in a democratic system. Doing so requires that they maintain a strong correlation between their own regulatory activities and the will of the public (Minder par. 5). To some extent, this political interest is also tied to the interests of the environmentalists, who also wield political power in the form of campaign contributions and general support or lack of support... This paper talks that the main stakeholders relevant to Monsanto’s attempt to introduce GM products to Europe are special interest groups, particularly environmentalists, European consumers, European governmental officials and regulators, and Monsanto itself along with its employees and shareholders. Each of these stakeholders has unique interests in the outcome of this process. To sum up, the paper says that Finally, Monsanto’s shareholders must be convinced that the company has a sound strategy for moving forward into new markets. This means marketing the marketing efforts. Even if Monsanto remains short of success, as long as it can show a strategy that is highly likely to lead to success within a specific, reasonable time frame, the shareholders should be satisfied that the company is on the right track for long term growth. Shareholder confidence depends on effective management and strategic focus of the company’s long term business plan. Clearly, effective marketing and communications activities that are fully aligned with Monsanto’s long term business growth objectives are the heart beat of that business plan. Informing shareholders and employees about these efforts grows confidence within the company and ensures that the investment capital will continue to be there to support the plan over the long time. Monsanto would like to become an active contributor to environmental groups and devise ways of helping their causes that transcend the GM issue.

Customer relationship Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Customer relationship - Case Study Example Abrupt usage of such principles had ultimately made customer the king in the global economy of today. As almost all of the market follows the perfect competition, so the decision precisely depends upon the buyer to choose the services of which company they want to purchase. As the customer has been the most important aspect that has to be cared by the companies, the concept of customer relationship becomes immensely important. The present day companies try and develop stable and trust worthy relationship with the esteemed customers so that the relationship is maintained and retained. The modern theory suggests that it is very difficult to have a new customer in favour of a company due to increased competition. Therefore, the onus lies on the companies to develop a mutually benefitting relationship so that the customers as well as the organisations benefit and the existing customers are retained apart from attracting newer customers. Established in 2001, the Lebara Group had objective to offer exciting and innovating telecom solutions to the families and the friends of the customer. The group falls under the greater preview of Lebara Foundation, which is a charitable trust with the aim to assist the deprived children all across the globe. The vision and the mission statement of the organisation says that the charitable trust aims to provide good life to the deprived children in terms of basic necessities like that of food, shelter, treatment (for both mental as well as physical illness), education and various skill sets required to get settled in life. Lebara Mobile was first launched in 2004 in the land of Netherlands as the low cost international mobile service. The group offers prepaid mobile SIM cards in at least eight European nations which include the advanced nations like Netherlands, Australia, Denmark, Norway, Spain, Switzerland, United Kingdom and Sweden. The various unique selling propositions of the products of the company include: Very low rates Instant connections High quality networks Multilingual customer services Reliable service No access codes No hidden charges No lost minutes (Lebara, n.d.) The company claims to have 24 X 7 reliability monitoring. Also it has a dedicated routing and switching teams to retain the high quality. But the most important factor of the Lebara Telecom Group is that of its low cost. And the factor is guaranteed by its team of global carrier. The international calls of the mobile group are routed by the London Network Operations Centre. Customer Relationship of Lebara The customer relationship of Lebara Group is quite commendable. As the group has presence in more than 8 countries, also the policies adopted by the group are aimed to retain the existing customers along with attracting new clients. The group has declared objective of providing the customers with value for money along with ensuring all of its connections with the best possible quality. As the objective of the group is to connect the customers with their friends and relatives all across the globe, so it takes special measure to ensure that the customers get the convenience of direct-dial international mob